Major concepts in political science
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| Major concepts in political science |
As human society evolved, so did its social, political, and economic affairs. At the same time, new concepts were introduced for their interpretation. To make that more clear, attempts were made to interpret them strictly. Here are some of the important political concepts. Of course, the role of history, sociology and economy in the development of these concepts cannot be denied. Let's solve these concepts by taking note of all of them.
State
Needless to say, 'state' is a central concept in political science. This organisation has existed since ancient times in the sense of 'monopoly on the use of force medicine'. Despite its changing appearance, society has always been an institution with the above characteristics in one form or another. In order to survive, man needs the institution of the state, because the state builds its strength behind what is righteous in the world, supports it, says Aristotle. In ancient India, Kautilya described the seven limbs of the kingdom. Swami, Amatya, Janapada, Durg, Kosh, Danda and Mitra were the seven limbs. The four organs of the state are described in Western political thought. The four elements were a secure territory, the population living in it, the system of government controlling those people in an organised manner and sovereignty. There is not much difference between the Western and Indian concepts of the state.
The state is a social institution. She is created for the happy life of man. Then a desolate region cannot be considered a state. The continent of Antarctica is not a state, because there is no human population. It is not possible to say how many people are needed for the establishment of the state. There are small states like Nepal and Bhutan in the world as well as huge populations like China and India. This population should be permanently settled in a certain area. Nomads, like migrants, do not rule. The boundaries of the region in which they live should be fixed. Territory and population are the two essential factors for a state. He refers to the elements of fort and district in the Indian concept.
This is how the population should be organised. That is, the government needs to regulate those people. It requires the enactment of laws, the enforcement of laws, the interpretation of laws, and the punishment of those who break them. The three functions of government are called the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In ancient times, all three of these tasks were performed by the king himself or by his officials. In the Indian concept, Swami and Amatya are the functioning organs of the government. The state needs a government but there is no restriction on what kind it should be. In some places there is monarchy, in some places democracy or dictatorship.
The most important element of the state is sovereignty (punishment and friend in the Indian concept). In other words, each state should be independent. A dependent territory, even if it has a government and a population, cannot be called a state. In that sense, Hindustan before 1947 or the states like Hyderabad and Mysore cannot be called states. They had a population, a secure territory, a government of their own; But there was no freedom. Those were the colonies.
The sovereignty of the state is manifested in two ways. They have the right to make decisions in domestic affairs, to make policy, to make whatever laws they want. He controls all the individuals / institutions in the state. On the other hand, in foreign affairs, states have the right to make friends / enemies with the country they want, to make treaties or wars with them. States are considered equal in terms of law, big or small, strong or weak. The two principles of sovereignty and equality of nations are also recognized by the Charter of the United Nations (UN). In fact, their sovereignty is limited by the economic or military might of the country. That was the deal. But the principle that all states are equal in terms of law is universal. That is why the United States has one vote in the UN General Assembly and Lakshadweep has one vote.
Often the terms state and government are used interchangeably. It is necessary to differentiate between them. Government is a part of the state, it is not permanent; It may change from time to time. One king may go and another may come, or one party may be replaced by another. So or so the state does not change. Only if the whole state is conquered by another state, or if they merge into it, the state disappears. Different types of government are possible: democracy, monarchy, federation, etc. There can be no such thing as a state. It is important to distinguish between state and government. Because in a democratic system of government, even if someone opposes it in a legal way, even if he tries to change it, it cannot be treason. It is his right. In that sense, it is a sign of dictatorship.
Thank you for Reading !
Thank you for reading!
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Political Science
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